He wāhi hanga auaha tonu ngā māra, e whanake haere ana i roto i ngā rautau hei whakaata i ngā uara ahurea, i ngā auahatanga toi me te mana pāpori. Mai i ngā marae marino o ngā iwi onamata ki ngā māra ataahua o te whare rangatira o Ūropi, he whakaaturanga kaha tonu te whakapaipai māra mō te ataahua, te whakapono me te tuakiri.
Ngā Tīmatanga Tawhito
Ko ngā takenga mai o te whakapaipai māra ka taea te whai i ngā tikanga o Īhipa o mua, i reira he mahi whaihua, he wairua hoki ngā māra. I hangaia e ngā Ihipiana whai rawa ngā māra taiepa ōrite me ngā puna kaukau me ngā rākau hua, he maha ngā wā i whakauruhia ai ngā whakaahua o ngā atua, o ngā kararehe tapu rānei hei whakaata i ngā whakapono whakapono. Waihoki, i Mesopotamia me Pāhia o mua, ko ngā māra he tohu mō te pararaiha – he ariā i muri mai ka kawea ki roto i te hoahoa māra Ihirama, ā, ka puta ko te chahar bagh, he māra wāhanga-whā e tohu ana i te rangimarie me te tikanga atua.
Te Awe o te Ao Matarohia
I Kariki me Rōma onamata, i whanake ngā māra hei wāhi whakangahau me te whakaaroaro. I whakapaipai ngā Rōmana whai rawa i ā rātou māra ki ngā whakapakoko māpere, ki ngā puna wai, me ngā mosaic. Ko ēnei āhuatanga tawhito, inā koa ko ngā whakairo o ngā atua me ngā tino tangata pakiwaitara, i whakatakoto i tētahi paearu pumau mō te ataahua o te māra o te Hauāuru. I tīmata haere te whakaaro ki te whakauru i ngā mahi toi ki ngā wāhi o waho, ā, i huri haere ngā māra hei taiwhanga toi o waho.
Tohu o te Waenganui
I ngā tau waenga, i nui ake ngā tikanga tohu me ngā tikanga whakapono mō ngā māra Pākehā. I whakamahia e ngā māra whare karakia i roto i ngā whare mōneka ngā otaota hei āhuatanga hoahoa, ā, i whakaatuhia ngā tauira āhuahanga kati hei tohu mō te Māra o Ētene. He māmā noa ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai engari he tikanga tohu hohonu - pērā i ngā rōhi me ngā rengarenga hei tohu mō te Wahine Tapu a Meri. He maha ngā wā i whai wāhi nui ai ngā puna wai, hei tohu mō te parakore me te whakahoutanga wairua.
Te Hiranga o te Renaissance me te Baroque
I te wā o te Renaissance, i kitea he panoni nui ki te whakapaipai māra. Nā ngā whakaaro tawhito, i whakanuia e ngā māra o te Renaissance Itari te ōritetanga, te tirohanga, me te ōwehenga. Ko ngā papa, ngā arawhata, ngā wai, me ngā whakapakoko pūrākau i noho hei wāhi matua. I haere tonu tēnei momo kāhua nui ki te wā Baroque, me ngā māra ōkawa Wīwī pērā i te Whare o Versailles, i reira te whakapaipai māra i whakaatu i te mana kingi me te mana whakahaere i te taiao. Ko ngā rākau kua whakapaipaihia, ngā puna whakapaipai, me ngā moenga putiputi matatini i huri i ngā wāhi o waho hei mahi toi whakamiharo.
Te Rawhiti me te Uru
Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia e Ūropi tētahi tikanga māra ōkawa, i whakatipuhia e ngā ahurea Āhia tētahi reo whakapaipai ahurei. Ko te arotahi o ngā māra Hapanihi ki te whakakotahitanga me te taiao, mā te whakamahi i ngā kōhatu, te pūkohu, ngā rama me ngā piriti hei waihanga i ngā tirohanga marino. He māra whakaaro nui ngā māra Haina, e whakauru ana i te hoahoanga, te wai, ngā toka me ngā tipu hei kōrero i ngā kōrero rotarota. I awe ēnei huarahi i te hoahoa o te Hauāuru mai i te rautau 18, inā koa i te wā e piki ake ana te māra whenua o Ingarangi, i arotahi ki ngā tahora taiao me ngā whakapaipai whakahirahira.
Ngā Auahatanga Hou me ngā Auahatanga o nāianei
I ngā rautau 20 me 21, kua nui ake te rerekētanga o te whakapaipai māra. Kua whakakotahihia e ngā kaitoi me ngā kaihoahoa ngā momo kāhua o ngā ahurea me ngā wā rerekē - mai i ngā whakairo iti ki ngā ara mosaic tae kanapa ki ngā rauemi hangarua. He mea nui ngā kaupapa o te oranga tonutanga, te oranga me te whakaaturanga whaiaro ināianei, ā, kua rongonui ngā ipu whakato whakapaipai, ngā rama me ngā whakaurunga toi hei taputapu rongonui mō te huri i ngā māra hei toi ora whai tikanga.
Whakamutunga
Mai i ngā wāhi tapu ki ngā whare kingi, kua whanake te whakapaipai māra hei whakaata i ngā uara me ngā tirohanga o tōna wā. I ēnei rā, he whakakotahitanga whakahihiri tonu o te toi, te ahurea, me te taiao - he tono ki te waihanga i te ataahua, ki te whakaatu i te tuakiri, me te whakanui i te noho ki waho.
Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-03-2025
